Diarrhoea: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Diarrhoea refers to the frequent passage of loose, watery stools, often accompanied by abdominal pain or cramping. It can occur on its own or alongside other symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fever, or unintentional weight loss. Depending on the duration, severity, and stool characteristics, healthcare professionals categorize diarrhoea into different types — acute, persistent, and chronic.
Types of Diarrhoea
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Acute diarrhoea: Lasts 1–2 days, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections, often from contaminated food or water.
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Persistent diarrhoea: Lasts between 2–4 weeks and may indicate an ongoing infection or reaction.
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Chronic diarrhoea: Continues for more than 4 weeks and may signal an underlying digestive disorder or chronic condition.
Table of Contents
Causes of Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea may result from a variety of causes, including:
Infections:
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Viral: Norovirus, rotavirus, viral gastroenteritis
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Bacterial: Salmonella, E. coli, Shigella, Campylobacter
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Parasitic: Giardia, Cryptosporidium
Food & Lifestyle Factors:
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Food intolerances (e.g., lactose or gluten)
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Food poisoning from contaminated meals
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Adverse drug reactions, especially antibiotics
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Post-surgery effects, particularly after stomach or gallbladder surgery
Underlying Medical Conditions:
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
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Celiac disease, which affects nutrient absorption
Chronic diarrhoea is often a symptom of deeper gastrointestinal issues and should not be ignored.
Symptoms of Diarrhoea
The hallmark sign of diarrhoea is frequent, watery stools. Other common symptoms include:
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Urgent or uncontrollable need to pass stool
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Nausea or vomiting
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Abdominal cramps or bloating
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Fatigue or weakness
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Fever (especially in infections)
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Mucus or blood in stool (seek immediate medical care)
Dehydration from Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea can cause rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes, leading to dehydration — a serious risk, especially in young children, older adults, and people with chronic illnesses.
Signs of Dehydration:
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Dry mouth and lips
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Increased thirst
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Reduced urination
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Dizziness or lightheadedness
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Headache
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Fast heart rate
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Fatigue or confusion
Diarrhoea in Babies and Young Children
Children are particularly vulnerable to the dangers of diarrhoea. Watch for:
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Fewer wet diapers
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Dry mouth and lips
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Sunken eyes or fontanel (soft spot)
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Irritability or sleepiness
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Lack of tears when crying
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Dry, cool skin
If your baby or toddler shows these signs, contact a pediatrician immediately.
Treatment for Diarrhoea
Most mild cases resolve on their own with hydration and rest. However, treatment may vary depending on the cause and severity.
Common Treatment Options:
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Fluids: Drink water, electrolyte drinks, or oral rehydration solutions (ORS)
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Medications: Anti-diarrhoeal drugs like loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
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Antibiotics: Only prescribed if a bacterial infection is confirmed
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IV fluids: For severe dehydration cases in hospitals
Do not self-medicate if diarrhoea is accompanied by high fever or blood in the stool. Always consult a doctor.
Diagnosis
To determine the cause of your diarrhoea, a healthcare provider will evaluate your medical history, symptoms, and may perform:
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Stool tests: To detect bacteria, viruses, parasites, or blood
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Blood tests: To assess inflammation or electrolyte imbalances
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Imaging tests: Like a CT scan or abdominal ultrasound
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Diet elimination: To identify food intolerances
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Endoscopy or colonoscopy: To examine the intestines for diseases like Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis
How to Prevent Diarrhoea
Preventive measures can significantly reduce your risk:
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Wash hands thoroughly before eating or preparing food
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Store and cook food at safe temperatures
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Use clean water for drinking and cooking
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Avoid raw or undercooked meat and seafood
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Practice good hygiene when handling diapers or pet waste
Guidelines to Prevent Traveller’s Diarrhoea
When travelling to countries with different sanitation standards:
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Avoid tap water, ice cubes, and raw produce
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Only drink sealed bottled water
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Eat food that’s been cooked and served hot
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Consider asking your doctor about preventive antibiotics
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Use hand sanitizer frequently
Preventing Viral or Bacterial Infections
Good hygiene practices are essential:
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Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
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Use hand sanitiser when soap is unavailable
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Disinfect commonly touched surfaces regularly
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Avoid sharing food, drinks, or utensils
❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Is diarrhoea contagious?
Yes. Infectious diarrhoea, caused by bacteria or viruses, can easily spread through contaminated food, water, or surfaces, and through direct contact with infected individuals.
2. What should I eat when I have diarrhoea?
Stick to the BRAT diet:
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Bananas
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Rice
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Applesauce
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Toast
Also consider:
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Boiled potatoes
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Plain pasta or oatmeal
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Broths and clear soups
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Yogurt with live cultures
Avoid high-fat, high-fiber, dairy (if intolerant), caffeine, and alcohol.
3. Can drinking water help with diarrhoea?
Absolutely. Drinking clean, safe water helps replace lost fluids and prevents dehydration. It’s especially critical for young children and older adults, who are at higher risk of complications.
While diarrhoea is a common digestive issue, it can sometimes indicate a more serious underlying condition. If it lasts more than a few days, is accompanied by severe symptoms, or causes dehydration, it’s essential to seek medical advice.
